PSG has now won the prestigious cup on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past Marseille in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
However, Marseille fired two times late to take a surprise advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood converted from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a vital equaliser in the dying seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.